Friday 26 April 2013

CSIR UGC NET LIFE SCIENCES: PART A

Posted by R Santhosh Kalash
on 4/26/2013 03:15:00 am
4 comments

The MASTER CSIR AUTODIDACT is a group, which focus in creating materials for students to prepare for CSIR UGC NET LIFESCIENCE exam for free. 


The materials distributed on the blog is copyright and error free. 
Any people can come and support our group. It's a place where a knowledge sharing takes a high role.



ANSWER KEY
1)
d
2)
b
3)
a
4)
b
5)
b
6)
a
7)
b
8)
c
9)
d


















10)
c
11)
c
12)
c
13)
b
14)
b
15)
a
16)
d
17)
c
18)
a


















19)
c
20)
c














Tuesday 23 April 2013

CSIR UGC NET LIFE SCIENCES: PART B

Posted by R Santhosh Kalash
on 4/23/2013 01:07:00 am
No comments
The MASTER CSIR AUTODIDACT is a group, which focus in creating materials for students to prepare for CSIR UGC NET LIFESCIENCE exam for free. 


The materials distributed on the blog is copyright and error free. 
Any people can come and support our group. It's a place where a knowledge sharing takes a high role. 











Sunday 14 April 2013

Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Posted by R Santhosh Kalash
on 4/14/2013 08:31:00 am
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Biotechnology essentially and predominantly deals with the meticulous application of living organisms or their corresponding products in a variety of large-scale industrial processes. Besides, biotechnology is extremely multidisciplinary in nature ; it has its foundations and domain prominently spread in a wide spectrum of fields, such as : pharmaceutical sciences, microbiology, biology, biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics, genomics, genetic engineering, chemistry, and chemical and process engineering. Therefore, it may be genuinely and rightly regarded as a series of ‘enabling technologies’ embracing the practical application of host specific organisms and their respective cellular components to either environmental management or to manufacturing and service industries.

Interestingly, from a historical aspect biotechnology could be regarded as a pragmatic, realistic, and tangible strategy to an ‘art’ more than a ‘science’, which may be enormously exemplified and duly expatiated in the commercial production of wines, beers, cheeses, and the like, whereby the modus operandi of various techniques involved were well-known and reproducible, but the exact molecular mechanisms were not known adequately. Nevertheless, at present biotechnology is passing through an amazing growth phase whose ultimate destiny is not too far in sight. With the advent of major advances in the better in-depth knowledge of ‘microbiology’ and ‘biochemistry’, these molecular mechanisms (viz., processes) have been rendered more logically understandable.

Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, based entirely on modern biotechnological techniques, as to date encompass a wider range of altogether newer medicinal compounds, e.g., antibiotics, vaccines, and monclonal antibodies (MABs) that may now be produced commercially using well-defined, optimized, and improved fermentative methodologies. In fact, genetic engineering has brought in a sea change by virtue of the directed construction of microorganisms resulting in a plethora of newer life-saving drugs. The present textbook on ‘Pharmaceutical Biotechnology’ is strictly developed, structured, expanded, and expatiated along the guidelines provided by AICTE syllabus for B. Pharmacy–2000. It essentially consists of five main chapters, namely : Immunology and Immunological Preparations ; Genetic Recombination ; Antibiotics ; Microbial Transformations ; and Enzyme Immobilization. In addition to this, there are five auxilliary chapters, namely : Advent of Biotechnology ; Biosensor Technology ; Bioinformatics and Data Mining ; Regulatory Issues in Biotechnology ; and Safety in Biotechnology, which have been duly included so as to stimulate the students’ interest and expand their knowledge.

Each chapter has been carefully and adequately supported with a brief introductory note, followed by theoretical aspects, graphics, neat well-labeled diagrams, explanations, discussions, and profusely supplemented with appropriate examples to make the relevance of each topic more comprehensible to the students of Pharmacy both in India and abroad. It is earnestly believed that students, learning Pharmaceutical Biotechnology will certainly find this text not only useful but also a good companion for further pursuit of higher knowledge. Besides, research scientists, teachers, food technologists, industrial technical personals  postgraduate students involved in ‘industrial microbiology’ shall definitely be benefited from this practical approach to the broader horizons of biotechnology.

The authors solemnly believe that this modern, well documented, lucid and easy presentation of topics contained in the textbook on ‘Pharmaceutical Biotechnology’ will prove to be of immense value to students, teachers, and practising researchers.

Saturday 13 April 2013

Handbook of Synthetic Photochemistry

Posted by R Santhosh Kalash
on 4/13/2013 11:31:00 pm
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From its origin over a century ago, organic photochemistry has undergone a transformation from an area of science populated by a few specialized organic and physical chemists to a field that now attracts the interest of members of the broad synthetic organic chemistry community. Along the way, the basic chemical and physical foundations of the science were developed and the full synthetic potential of photochemical reactions of organic substrates has been realized. The science of organic photochemistry can be traced back to observations made in the nineteenth century, which showed that ultraviolet irradiation of certain organic substances leads to formation of products that have unique and sometimes highly trained structures. An example of this is found in studies in the early 1800s, which demonstrated that irradiation of the naturally occurring, cross-conjugated cyclohexadienone, a-santonin, in the crystal state induces a deep-seated, multistepped rearrangement reaction. It is fair to conclude that at that time observations like this could only have been attributed to the magic of Nature, since little if anything was known about the fundamental principles of the light absorption process and the relationships between structures and decay pathways of electronic excited states. The science of organic photochemistry experienced a significant transformation in the middle part of the twentieth century when it began to attract the interest of organic chemists, who were skilled in the use of valence bond theory, and physical chemists, who were able to probe and theoretically analyze the properties of electronic excited states. These efforts led to a basic mechanistic framework for understanding and predicting how electronic excited states of organic substrates undergo reactions to form products. Clear examples of the insight provided by organic chemists during this era are found in ground-breaking investigations performed independently by Zimmerman and Chapman that probed the photochemistry of simple, cross-conjugated cyclohexadienones. The realization that these processes could be described by utilizing Lewis electron-dot-line structures of excited states and reactive intermediates brought organic photochemistry into the intellectual sphere of organic chemists, who already had learned the benefits of writing arrow-pushing mechanisms for ground-state reactions.

Another important contribution to the field of organic photochemistry arose from investigations of excited state redox processes in the latter part of the twentieth century. These efforts showed that when the oxidation and reduction potentials and excited state energies of interacting electron donors and acceptors are appropriate, thermodynamically and kinetically favorable excited state single electron transfer (SET) will take place to produce ion radical intermediates. This phenomenon expanded the vista of organic photochemistry, since it enabled the unique and predictable reactivity profiles of charged radicals to be included in the concept library used to design new photochemical transformations. Many examples of the exceptional impact that SET has had on the field of organic photochemistry came from the pioneering work of Arnold and a cadre of other organic chemists who developed synthetic applicable SET photochemical processes. It is clear that studies in the area of organic photochemistry have led to the discovery of a large number of novel reactions, and that some of these processes meet the high standards needed for use as preparative methodologies. The compilation in this Handbook, which begins with a useful chapter describing practical experimental methods used in photochemistry, reviews several of the more synthetically prominent photochemical reactions of organic substrates.

There is no doubt that the field of organic photochemistry was subjected to intense scrutiny in the latter half of the twentieth century, and that efforts during this period led to a firm understanding of basic photochemical principles and to the discovery of a wealth of highly unique chemical reactions. Moreover, during this period members of the synthetic organic chemistry community recognized that several photochemical processes could be applied as key steps in routes for the construction of complex target molecules. It is likely that activity in the area of organic photochemistry will not diminish in the twenty first century where it will used in finding matchless solutions to challenging chemical problems. Thus, rather than being caused by the need to prepare sophisticated organic substances made by Nature, problems in the new century are likely to revolve about the search for green methods for promoting chemical reactions and for processes that can be performed in confined spaces (e.g., cells), defined patterns (e.g., lithography), and precisely controlled time domains (e.g., triggers). Organic photochemistry is uniquely applicable to these types of challenges and, as a result, it should continue to be an interesting area in which to work.

Medicinal Chemistry, 4th Edition

Posted by R Santhosh Kalash
on 4/13/2013 11:30:00 pm
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This book, ‘Medicinal Chemistry’ has two objectives in view. The first objective is to attract the interest of the undergraduate students in developing countries, so that they feel a spontaneous urge to explore and understand the basic theories of medicinal chemistry. These students often encounter enormous difficulties in grasping the fundamentals of synthesis of simple as well as complex compounds including those belonging to the therapeutic group, and they often get confused when they are supplied with inadequate information of vitally important medicinal compounds, their chemical formula and chemical names. So this book aims at removing this inadequacy by furnishing copious information about medicinal compounds and pointing out their inter-relations wherever they exist. This method, it is believed, will add new incentive to the study of the subject, and will boost the spirit of research and provide a new dimension to the study of medicinal chemistry. Thus, in this book an attempt has been made to include and correlate detailed accounts of most of the important categories of drugs usually taught in the various Universities of developing countries offering diploma, degree and honours courses in Pharmacy. The second objective that has been kept in view is to make this a handy reference book for the professional class. With a view to fulfilling this second objective the author has adopted a specific style.

Each chapter has been sub-divided into three sections in the following manner. First, a brief introduction. Second, it follows classification based on either chemical or pharmacological basis. Each category of compound also includes the important representative members of the respective groups together with their International Non-proprietory Names (INN), British Approved Names (BAN) and United States Approved Names (USAN) wherever applicable. Then comes the statement of its chemical name(s), official status in B.P., U.S.P., Eur. P., Int. P., Ind. P., and their proprietory name(s). The third part, perhaps the most significant, contains the synthesis of various important members treated individually, brief description of the synthesis, therapeutic applications of each compound, together with its dosage in various diseases, and routes of administration. The dosage for adults and children have been separately mentioned. The usual and maintenance doses, wherever applicable, have also been specified. The mode of action of various classes of medicinal compounds in addition to the structure-activity relationship (SAR) have also been elaborated wherever relevant. Greater emphasis has been laid on the chemistry of various compounds treated in this book, so that an undergraduate student may acquire a comprehensive knowledge on the basic concepts of the medicinal chemistry. For the reasons mentioned above, it is believed that this book will enjoy equal favour and confidence with pharmacy students, practising pharmacists and also with medical service representatives. Manufacturing pharmacists engaged in basic drug manufacture may also find it a useful reference book, and will appreciate its originality of approach and its significant departure from similar books available on the subject.


Lewin's Gene VIII

Posted by R Santhosh Kalash
on 4/13/2013 10:14:00 pm
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For courses in Molecular Biology, Molecular Genetics, and Gene Regulation. Two decades ago Benjamin Lewin's Genes revolutionized the teaching of molecular biology and molecular genetics by introducing a unified approach to bacteria and higher organisms. Genes has remained at the cutting edge of molecular biology, covering gene structure, organization, and expression. Originally the text opened with the genetic code and worked toward genome structure. Genes VIII changed the approach to begin with the sequence of the human and other genomes and starts with complete coverage of recent advances in genomics. The coverage of genomics is then integrated throughout the text. In striving to maintain currency, the new edition has updated coverage on genome organization, DNA replication, gene regulation and many other new topics. Book Description Genes VIII changed the approach to begin with the sequence of the human and other genomes and starts with complete coverage of recent advances in genomics. The coverage of genomics is then integrated throughout the text. From the Back Cover Two decades ago Benjamin Lewin's Genes revolutionized the way we think about and teach molecular biology and molecular genetics. His approach unified the discipline by providing an integrated account of the structure and function of genes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Setting a standard for currency, Genes continually embraces emerging trends in this field, such as introducing the molecular aspect of the gene before the traditional analysis of formal genetics. Genes VIII continues to innovate; expanding the early discussion of the genome and integrating new information on gene sequencing throughout the text. New Content Human and mouse genome sequence data incorporated throughout Integrated coverage of recent advances in genomics and gene organization updated content DNA replication, repair, and recombination Transcription and translation Cancer and signal transduction. 

The Cell: A Molecular Approach, 4th Edition

Posted by R Santhosh Kalash
on 4/13/2013 09:59:00 pm
2 comments

Several pedagogical features have been incorporated into The Cell in order to  help students master and integrate its contents. These features are reviewed  below as a guide to students studying from this book.  Chapter organization. Each chapter is divided into three to five major sections, which are further divided into a similar number of subsections. An outline listing the major sections at the beginning of each chapter provides a brief overview of its contents. 

 Key Terms and Glossary. Key terms are identified as boldfaced words when  they are introduced in each chapter. These key terms are reiterated in the chapter summary and defined in the glossary at the end of the book. Illustrations and micrographs. An illustration program of full-color art and micrographs has been carefully developed to complement and visually reinforce the text.

Key Experiment and Molecular Medicine Essays. Each chapter contains either two Key Experiment essays or one Key Experiment and one Molecular Medicine essay. These features are designed to provide the student with a sense of both the experimental basis of cell and molecular biology and its applications to modern medicine. We have also found these essays to be a useful basis for student discussion sections, which can be accompanied with a review of the original paper upon which the Key Experiments are based. Sidebars. Each chapter contains several sidebars that provide brief  descriptive highlights of points of interest related to material covered in the text. The sidebars supplement the text and provide starting points for class discussion. 

 Chapter Summaries. Chapter summaries are organized in outline form corresponding to the major sections and subsections of each chapter. This section-by-section format is coupled with a list of the key terms introduced in each section, providing a succinct but comprehensive review of the material. 

 Questions and Answers. An expanded set of questions at the end of each chapter (with answers in the back of the book) are designed to further facilitate review of the material presented in the chapter and to encourage students to use this material to predict or interpret experimental results. 

 References. Comprehensive lists of references at the end of each chapter provide access to both reviews and selected papers from the primary literature. In order to help the student identify articles of interest, the references are organized according to chapter sections. Review articles and primary papers are distinguished by [R] and [P] designations, respectively. Companion Website icons. New icons in the margin direct students to the website's animations, videos, quizzes, problems, and other review material. 


Friday 12 April 2013

Principles of Gene Manipulation, 6th Edition

Posted by R Santhosh Kalash
on 4/12/2013 03:47:00 pm
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As in past editions, the basic philosophy of this extremely popular text remains to present the principles and techniques of gene manipulation in sufficient detail to enable the non-specialist reader to understand them. However, in the three years since the previous edition, molecular biology has seen a dramatic increase in available techniques and applications. Every chapter in this new edition has been extensively revised or rewritten to take these developments into account. 

Principles of Gene Manipulation provides an excellent introduction to the area of genetic engineering of plants, animals and microbes for advanced level undergraduates, with a basic understanding of genetics. This classic textbook has been substantially updated and revised to reflect the rapid advances that have been made in the core technologies in the seven years since the last edition. Furthermore, to put these technologies into context, the final chapter has been structured into six themes: 
  1. nucleic acids as diagnostic tools
  2. new drugs and new therapies for genetic diseases
  3. combating infectious disease
  4. protein engineering
  5. metabolic engineering
  6. modern plant breeding

Principles of Fermentation Technology, 2nd Edition

Posted by R Santhosh Kalash
on 4/12/2013 03:34:00 pm
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Principles of fermentation technology written by P F Stanbury, S. Hall, A. Whitaker is one among those books which  a student will keep in his bookshelf, since it always helps in review the knowledge of fermentation, conditions and reactors to be used for each purposes. The book was written in simple english and it is not crowded with complex mathematical problems. For theoretical reading, the book comes in handy and it helps the teachers and professors for making class notes. 

This second edition has been thoroughly updated to include recent advances and developments in the field of fermentation technology, focusing on industrial applications. The book now covers new aspects such as recombinant DNA techniques in the improvement of industrial micro-organisms, and includes comprehensive information on fermentation media, sterilization procedures, inocula, and fermenter design. Chapters on effluent treatment and fermentation economics are also incorporated. The text is supported by numerous clear, informative diagrams. The book is of great interest to final year and post-graduate students of applied biology, biotechnology, microbiology, biochemical and chemical engineering.

Microbiology, 5th Edition

Posted by R Santhosh Kalash
on 4/12/2013 03:15:00 pm
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Microbiology is an exceptionally broad discipline encompassing specialties as diverse as biochemistry, cell biology, genetics, taxonomy, pathogenic bacteriology, food and industrial microbiology, and ecology. A microbiologist must be acquainted with many biological disciplines and with all major groups of microorganisms: viruses, bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa. The key is balance. Students new to the subject need an introduction to the whole before concentrating on those parts of greatest interest to them. This text provides a balanced introduction to all major areas of microbiology for a variety of students. Because of this balance, the book is suitable for courses with orientations ranging from basic microbiology to medical and applied microbiology. Students preparing for careers in medicine, dentistry, nursing, and allied health professions will find the text just as useful as those aiming for careers in research, teaching, and industry.


The book is organized flexibly so that chapters and topics may be arranged in almost any order. Each chapter has been made as self contained as possible to promote this flexibility. Some topics are essential to microbiology and have been given more extensive treatment.


Prescott, Harley and Klein's 5th edition provides a balanced, comprehensive introduction to all major areas of microbiology. Because of this balance, Microbiology, 5/e is appropriate for students preparing for careers in medicine, dentistry, nursing, and allied health, as well as research, teaching, and industry. Biology and chemistry are prerequisites. The Fifth Edition has been updated extensively to reflect the latest discoveries in the field.

Thursday 11 April 2013

Molecular Cell Biology 5th Edition

Posted by R Santhosh Kalash
on 4/11/2013 11:36:00 am
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Modern biology is rooted in an understanding of the molecules within cells and of the interactions between cells that allow construction of multicellular organisms. The more we learn about the structure, function, and development of different organisms, the more we recognize that all life processes exhibit remarkable similarities. Molecular Cell Biology concentrates on the macromolecules and reactions studied by biochemists, the processes described by cell biologists, and the gene control pathways identified by molecular biologists and geneticists. In this millennium, two gathering forces will reshape molecular cell biology: genomics, the complete DNA sequence of many organisms, and proteomics, a knowledge of all the possible shapes and functions that proteins employ.
All the concepts of molecular cell biology continue to be derived from experiments, and powerful experimental tools that allow the study of living cells and organisms at higher and higher levels of resolution are being developed constantly. In this fourth edition, we address the current state of molecular cell biology and look forward to what further exploration will uncover in the twenty-first century.


Gene Cloning and DNA analysis: An Introduction 6th Edition

Posted by R Santhosh Kalash
on 4/11/2013 11:27:00 am
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During the four years since publication of the Fifth Edition of Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis: An Introduction there have been important advances in DNA sequencing technology, in particular the widespread adoption of high throughput approaches based on pyrosequencing. Inclusion of these new techniques in the Sixth Edition has prompted me to completely rewrite the material on DNA sequencing and to place all the relevant information—both on the methodology itself and its application to genome sequencing into a single chapter. This has enabled me to devote another entire chapter to the post-sequencing methods used to study genomes. The result is, I hope, a more balanced treatment of the various aspects of genomics and post-genomics than I had managed in previous editions. A second important development of the last few years has been the introduction of real-time PCR as a means of quantifying the amount of a particular DNA sequence present in a preparation. This technique is now described as part of Chapter 9. Elsewhere, various additions, such as inclusion of topoisomerase-based methods for blunt end ligation in Chapter 4, and generally tidied up parts of chapters that had become slightly unwieldy due to the cumulative effects of modifications made over the 25 years since the First Edition of this book. The Sixth Edition is almost twice as long as the First, but retains the philosophy of that original edition. It is still an introductory text that begins at the beginning and does not assume that the reader has any prior knowledge of the techniques used to study genes and genomes. 

Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 4th edition

Posted by R Santhosh Kalash
on 4/11/2013 11:06:00 am
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25 years and still going strong! Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry has been a classroom favorite since its first edition. It is the classic introduction to biochemistry that brings clarity and coherence to an often unwieldy discipline, a textbook on the field's classic core, always made fresh by combining the field's definitive advances with an admirable ability to reach students. In addition to its content updates throughout, the fifth edition also provides updated pedagogy that supports lecturers in addressing key challenges in teaching the biochemistry course.  Presenting the fundamentals of biochemistry through selected topics, the fifth edition of this text contains the latest developments in the field, such as new treatments in metabolic regulation, coverage of DNA-based information technologies and a new graphical style for enzyme reaction mechanisms

Authors Dave Nelson and Mike Cox combine the best of the laboratory and best of the classroom, introducing exciting new developments while communicating basic principles of biochemistry.



Friday 5 April 2013

Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis

Posted by R Santhosh Kalash
on 4/05/2013 08:00:00 pm
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The production of a good introduction to the field of bioinformatics has been a very difficult task because of the duality of the target audience. A text that is appropriate for the computer scientist is typically not good for the biologist, and vice versa. Producing a primer that is suitable for both has been a target of numerous authors in the past few years. Furthermore, would the third class of bioinformatics students be well served; namely, those many bio-science workers who graduated long before bioinformatics became a standard part of the curriculum and who now find that their skills need to be updated to keep up with the times? This second edition is a qualified success. Every chapter in the second edition appears to be rewritten extensively, and three useful new chapters have been added. As a result, the new edition tops out at 692 pages, and many of the problems with the first edition have been rectified. This is designed to be a textbook. There are problem sets at the back of the chapters as well as separate chapter guides for biologists and computer scientists that make the notorious bioinformatics learning curve a bit gentler. Working scientists will particularly appreciate the extensive glossary of terms at the be-ginning of each chapter. Considering the fact that, for many, bioinformatics appears to be an endless string of incomprehensible buzzwords, this section alone may justify the cost of the book. Numerous flow charts serve to explain algorithms in a way that is greatly superior to a series of long-winded explanations. Several chapters have a page with web ad-dresses to appropriate and useful sites. One of the new chapters, and in-deed, a very important one, is the introduction to the probability and statistics of sequence alignments.

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