An original work focused on the energy balance,
especially on the limits of energy expenditure and athletic performance and is
therefore different from other books dedicated to the topic of obesity. Physical
activity energy expenditure of modern man matches expenditures in wild mammals.
Energy balance can be maintained by adapting energy intake to changes in energy
expenditure and vice versa, where short-term changes in energy expenditure are
mainly caused by physical activity. Questions are whether physical activity is
affected by over and under-eating, is intake affected by an increase or a
decrease in physical activity, and does overweight affect physical activity?
Presented evidence is largely based on studies where physical activity is
quantified with doubly labeled water. Overeating does not affect physical
activity while under-eating decreases habitual or voluntary physical activity.
Thus, it is easier to gain weight than to lose weight. An exercise induced
increase in energy requirement is compensated by intake while a change to a
more sedentary routine does not induce an equivalent reduction of intake and
generally results in weight gain. Overweight and obese subjects have similar
activity energy expenditures than lean people despite they move less. There are
two options to reverse the general population trend for an increasing body
weight, reducing intake or increasing physical activity. Based on the results
presented, eating less is most effective for preventing weight gain, despite a
potential negative effect on physical activity when reaching a negative energy
balance.
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